Leonardo Da Vinci :: essays research papers

1452-1519, Italian painter, sculptor, architect, musician, engineer, andscientist, probably the supreme example of Renaissance genius. Born in Vinci,Tuscany, he was the illegitimate son of a Florentine notary and a peasant girl.His precocious graphicsistic talent brought him to Verrocchios workshop in 1466,where he met Botticelli and Ghirlandaio. The cul mination of his art in thisfirst period in Florence is seen in the magnificent, unfinished Adoration of theMagi (Uffizi), with its characteristic dramatic movement and chiaroscuro. Inc.1482 da Vinci went to the court of Ludovico Sforza in Milan and on that point composedmost of his Trattato della pittura and the notebooks that demonstrate his versatile genius. The severe plagues in 1484 and 1485 drew his attention to townplanning, and his drawings and plans for domed churches reflect his concern witharchitectural problems. In 1483, Leonardo and his pupil Ambrogio de Predis werecommissioned to execute the famous Madonna of the Rocks (two versions1483-c.1486, Louvre 1483-1508, National Gall., London). The now badly damagedLast Supper (c.1495-1498 Milan) was executed during the period when he wasexperimenting with the paint medium, and this partly accounts for its damage.Despite this, a sublime spiritual content and power of invention mark it as oneof the worlds masterpieces. Leonardos model for an equestrian monument toFrancesco Sforza was neer cast, and in 1500 he returned to Florence, where hedid much theoretical work in mathematics andpursued his anatomical studies in the hospital of Santa Maria Nuova. As amilitary engineer for Cesare Borgia he studied swamp reclamation and met NiccolMachiavelli. In c.1503 he executed the celebrated Mona Lisa (Louvre). Then, asarchitect and engineer in Milan to the cut king Louis Xii, he continued hisscientific investigations into geology, botany, hydraulics, and mechanics. In1510-11 he painted St. Anne, Mary, and the Child (Louvre), a work thatexemplifies his handling of sfumato-misty, subtle transitions in tone.

Essay example --

cayenne is a very dynamic country with many interesting features that have shaped their aviation industry to be angiotensin-converting enzyme of the most unique in the world. Apart from having a very unique shape, it also has many land features that set it apart from other countries. These features have stirred the international aviation industry in chili con carne and made it very distinctive.Before the arrival of Spanish conquistadors in the 16th century, Chile was home to the Inca community in the north and the Mapuche ruled central and southern Chile. Overtime the Spanish began to take over and drive out the native people. The Spanish ruled Chile until they were driven out in the War of The Pacific in the early 1800s. Over the next a few(prenominal) centuries Chiles governance was very unstcapable, changing rulers and governments every few decades. Things began to settle down starting in 1990 when Chile inaugurated a freely elected president. With this new governmen t system Chile saw steady frugal growth, the poverty rate was cut in half, and it began to establish itself as a stable, democratic nation. In January 2014, Chile acquired a non-permanent seat on the United Nations warrantor Council for the 2014-2015 term (Central Intelligence Agency, 2014).The Chilean economy is market oriented meaning that it has a lot of foreign trade and has also established itself as a home for strong financial institutions earning it the strongest sovereign bond rating in South America (Central Intelligence Agency, 2014). Exporting goods and natural resources accounts for approximately one 3rd of Chiles Gross Domestic Product and copper provides 19 percent of the governments revenue, making it the worlds leading manufacturer of copper (Heritage Foundation, 2014). Chiles other export... ...tion, 2013).Another issue that Chile has to face is the possibility of volcanic flacks and subsequent ash clouds. If a major eruption occurs in Chile it could great ly affect the air travel in and out of Chile for a long time. The last major eruption occurred in 2011 and not only grounded flights in Chile but also Australia and New Zealand as the ash cloud was blown a great distance (Williams, 2011).Chile has a very strong and stable aviation industry today. Since the government stabilized and remained consistent over the past years the focus of the government was all the way on enhancing the aviation industry in Chile. From airline giants like LAN to some of the most treacherous, mountainous regions in the world, it is amazing that the aviation industry has been able to thrive as much as it has. Chile truly has one of the best aviation industries in the world.

God Has the Cure Essay -- Religion, God, The Church

Throughout the ages great thinkers and men with revolutionary ideas have been changing the world of understanding. During the conversion men like Vesalius, William Hervey, and Paracelsus revolutionize the understanding of medicine through the use of dissection and constant studying. However these men did not find change easy, the Christian church was set in their ways and was reluctant to change. People where dying from unknown causes and the church had no answers. The Renaissance was a time for enlightenment and rebirth of impudently ideas, but the church inability to adapt and adopt the new discoveries and association of medicine left society in the dark ages.The Church was not all in all prayers and hope when it came to medicine. They did believe in a set of ideas which came into effect, 3,000 years ago when Hippocrates and Galen created four humors Blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile (Dawson 8-9). These humors were what doctors used to diagnose patients illness based on the balance of each humor. If the patient felt ill, then the doctor would drain blood from the patient and send them on their way. forthwith medical science knows that blood is responsible for the curing of ailments and by draining that patients blood, they are til now less likely to recover. The church agree with Galen because, His view was in line with the Christian belief that God had created human beings and therefore the human body must be a perfect mental hospital (Dawson 14). The church also agreed with Hippocrates because he had gathered his knowledge of human anatomy from the dissection of animals because, The human body was seen as sacrilege and doctors faced legal and animadversion if dissection was attempted (Kate 2). With this information patients of the Renaissanc... ... looking for hope and finding nothing from the church. The churches inability to change delayed the new understanding and medical advancements for thousands of years. Many questions arise when thought process about this time period, what would our world be like if the great thinker of the time were allowed to work freely? Would there be more cures for deadly complaint? And how many lives could have been saved with this knowledge. Those questions will never be answered but the question still stand. The idea of religious freedom from education has been an issue even to this day. Seeing how it worked out for the Renaissance thinkers it will stay as an issue. When one is told what to believe and not to question, they should stop and ask why. Because faith is based on knowledge and knowledge is something that is acquired thought to constant questioning of old ideas.

bird feeders :: essays research papers

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Politics and Stem Cell Research Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Argu

Politics and Stem Cell ResearchThe Presidents Council on Bioethics published Monitoring Stem Cell Research in 2004. This report was written in response to President Bushs comments regarding research of humanity stem booths on August 9, 2001. President Bush announced that he was going to make federal funding available for research that involved alive lines of stem cells that came from embryos. He is the first president to provide any type of financial support for the research of human stem cells. A Council was created with people who be educated in the field of stem cells to help monitor the research and to recommend guidelines and consider the ethical consequences that this research could create. This report is an update given by the Presidents Council in January of 2004 to make the public aware of the significant developments in the science and medical aspects of stem cell research. It also describes the ethical, legal and policy-making implications that stem cell research may create. However, since the research is still in its beginning stages, this update does not describe a complete or authorized study of stem cells nor does it provide specific guidelines or regulations. This is a report that is suppose to help the President, Congress and general public make better-informed decisions as to the instruction that we should go with stem cells. This report does a fairly comprehensive job on educating the public to the definition of stem cells, describing them as a diverse concourse of remarkable multipotent cells that are relatively undifferentiated and unspecialized cells of the body. Stem cells have the capacity for unlimited self-renewal and the possibility to produce differentiated descendant cell types. The main in... ...rstanding exactly how they function and what their potential may be. The Council neglects to discuss what the boundaries should be in regards to research and whether not it is ethically or morally right to apply and destroy embry os for the sake of medical advancement. They also do not clearly state who should pay for the research on stem cells. Since President Bush appoints the Council, in that respect has been criticism that the committee is bias towards his views. In general, the report is ambiguous and does not specifically come to any concrete conclusions, nor does it provide any new information.SourcesThe Presidents Council on Bioethics, Washington, D.C. January 2004. www.bioethics.gov News Briefings. U.S. News Libraray http//www.usnews.com/usnews/briefings/stemcell0701.htm Russo, Eugene. The Scientist No decision on stem cells. Daily News. January 16, 2004

Comparison And Contrast Of Lit Essay -- essays research papers

The view point of an author can be determined easily by comparing give outs of the like basic plots and characters. Also by contrasting the same two works is equally as important. &8220Little Red Riding Hood by Charles Perrault and Angela Carter&8217s &8220The partnership of Wolves are perfect examples. The writer&8217s purpose, characterization, and readability shows one of many ways of pinpointing the author&8217s bias.Clearly Carter and Perrault show a bias with the characters in their stories. Carter&8217s main character being a female whom is clever, strong, and an in-depth thinker who is always thinking ahead. This shows that the author was probably writing during the women&8217s movement, where women began entering the work place and becoming more than mere objects or at home mothers. On the other hand Perrault&8217s view of a young indigent child, shows with the outcome that one should learn their lesson from this story. This was typical prior to the modern age when stor ies were lessons learned. There were religious implications noted in Carter&8217s work where Perrault did not. For example &8220she is spiffed up and ready and it is Christmas Eve, (820) and another example &8220you must run as if the Devil is after you.(820) Yet another phrase that relates to the Devil states, &8220They say there&8217s an ointment the Devil gives you that turns you into a wolf t...

Eating: Personal or Public? Essay

I am writing this essay as a rhetorical analysis of Radley Balkos article What You fertilize is Your Business and making a recommendation for or against publication in The Shorthorn based on the request from my editor. I believe the rhetorical appeals that Mr. Balko makes in his article will be somewhat persuasive to the readers of The Shorthorn as he makes some valid points. However, most members of the UTA community open a previous understanding about the fleshiness epidemic that is plaguing this country and may not completely tot up with his arguments.Obesity is a major concern in the United States because of the prevalence of heart disease, liver and kidney failure, and sleep abnormalities that plague a large portion of the population. It is a hot topic and debated regularly. The main argument is whether obesity should be a personal issue or whether the government should take action to modify individuals health choices, essentially forcing a better lifestyle on the populatio n. Balkos central claim is that the government should make the cost of obesity a private matter with incentives for individuals to maintain a sizeable lifestyle as opposed to making the public pay for the poor life decisions of some of the population. He believes that Instead of manipulating or intervening in the legions of food options available to American consumers, our government ought to be working to foster a sense of responsibility in and avouchership of our own health and well-being. Balko insists that we are becoming little responsible for our own health and much responsible for everyone elses. It is a trend that he believes will not foster positivistic changes since there is no incentive to raise down the cheeseburger if the government is paying for the individuals anti-cholesterol medication.Balko maintains that a parliamentary law where everyone is responsible for everyone elses well-being is a society more apt to accept government restrictions such as what McD onalds can put on its menu, what Safeway or Kroger can put on grocery shelves or holding food companies responsible for the bad habits of un levelheaded consumers. He believes that a growing army of nutritionist activists and food industry foes are egging the process on and that the best way to alleviate the obesity public health crisis is to remove obesity from the realm of public health. He asserts that if policymakers want to fight obesity, they should halt the spook socialization of medicine, and move to return individual Americans ownership of their own health and well-being back to individual Americans. His plan includes freeing insurance companies to reward healthy lifestyles, and penalize poor ones. Another idea he expresses is that Congress should increase access to medical and health savings accounts, which give consumers the option of rolling cash reserved for health tutorship into a retirement account.Balko believes that these accounts introduce accountability into th e health care system, and encourage caution with ones health care dollar. His assumption is that when money we spend on health care doesnt belong to our employer or the government, but is money we could devote to our own retirement, were less plausibly to run to the doctor at the first sign of a cold. While readers of The Shorthorn may accept Balkos rationale, they may not agree with his principle argument that obesity should not be part of the public sector. The readers may believe that some people need to be restricted in order for change to occur. If McDonalds has to be regulated in order for an individual to make a healthier lifestyle choice then that is what of necessity to happen. If it takes government intervention to enforce changes in obesity levels of the population then so be it. I think readers of The Shorthorn would tend to agree with Balkos suggestion that Congress could make available medical and health savings accounts but they would see that the realistic chance of that happening is pretty slim. The pharmaceutical and medical markets would be highly against losing revenue because of the incentive to go to the doctor less. Since there is a lot of money and influence (political support) from the pharmaceutical companies, there is less likely to be a change in the handling of obesity from the public sector to the private sector.Balko does not make any attempts to address any counterarguments. He expresses his displeasure with the current state of affairs and gives his opinion on what should be done to fix it. He does not give any mention to the positive aspects of the governments proposed anti-obesity measures. To the readers of The Shorthorn, it would have been nice to see him address these points as it would make his argument more valid and believable. Balko attempts to establish credibility by referencing unalike aspects of the governments plan to battle obesity and how he believes it is not the correct technique. He gives his own opinion bu t fails to demonstrate how he has mother to those decisions. Throughout the article, Balkos rationale is based on his personal biases and feelings. He does reference some minor facts in his article such as chairperson Bush earmarked $200 million in his budget for anti-obesity measures.State legislatures and school boards across the country have begun banning snacks and soda from school campuses and vending machines. Sen. Joe Lieberman and Oakland city manager Jerry Brown, among others, have called for a fat tax on high-calorie foods. Congress is now considering menu-labeling legislation, which would force restaurants to send every menu item to the laboratory for nutritional interrogation however for the majority of his article there is no empirical evidence demonstrated. While his ideas do make a lot of sense, some of the options he has put forward are improbable and the readers of The Shorthorn are most likely going to want to see that he can demonstrate a more mature argument ( accepting and understanding of governmental involvement in obesity) before he can establish his credibility with them. Balko appeals to the emotions of his Shorthorn readers by using optical stories and explanations that help his cause.Early in the article, Balko uses imagery and strong stories to get the readers attention. He talks about the television show How to Get fatty tissue Without Really Trying by ABC News and the outrage that show generated in him. He states the rationale for the show is to relieve followers of responsibility for their own condition and he displays his displeasure with that ideal. Balko believes we should all be accountable for our own health decisions. By personally expressing his discontent with that television show, Balko is appealing to the emotions of his reader by picking a side of the argument and demonstrating strong emotions himself so that he does not appear to be lifeless.After reading this article, Balkos argument does have some valid points that I think his readers in The Shorthorn will agree with. However they will want to see some evidence before they can truly accept his point of view. Since obesity is such a hot topic in todays society and truly affects separately and every one of us going forward, I conclude that most of The Shorthorn readers will enjoy this piece because it gives a different opinion from the mainstream view of how obesity should be handled and I suggest we should publish this article in the upcoming issue.

Information technology and college experience Essay

Technology is continu solelyy changing the itinerary the world is going. Education is not an exemption. Today, it is helping shape the way students are procuring information, and the way teachers are getting the information which they share. In fact, many students, teachers, and schools now perceive that it is unimaginable to go back to the stage when there is no internet, electronic mail, or word processing. This shows that the partnership between education and technology should be further nurtured. Meanwhile, there are issues that need to be addressed.This investigate shows how all of these are happening, and how they are affecting college welcome. THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTINGS The paper ordain focus on the way technology has changed in the past ten years. In the process, it pull up stakes also involve how technology is still changing the way in which education is being changed today by new innovations. There lead be discussions on learning with technology, specifically throug h the use of online learning methods and distance education instruction. The explore will focus on the college environment.The population for the interrogation will likewise be college students. On the process, teachers will also be involved in the research to qualify or disqualify conclusions throughout the research. Overall, the goal of the research is to identify how technological changes in college education have impacted the experiences of the students studying in college. Sub-problems The following sub-problems will be posed in the research.The sub-problems are 1. to liken college education today and ten years ago to determine the specific innovations that were introduced during the ten-year period 3. to identify the positive and negative effects of the changes and the innovations 4. to know how the changes affected the college experience of students and 5. to recognize the needs of the students and the technological framework that is working in the education industry. Hypo thesis This research hypothesizes that technology is a powerful tool. By its power, a capacious deal of innovations has been contributed to many industries.Thus, it can also be said that it has impacted and affected the education industry especially in the college level positively. Statement of delimitations The research will focus on college students who are taking courses in the traditional classroom linguistic context. However, no limitations will be set pertaining to any determinants such as age, gender, location, or religion. There will also be no limitations as to the courses that they are taking. Students who are attending online courses while attending traditional classroom setting will also be allowed to join.There will also be points when teachers will also be tapped to provide information on several research sub-topics. This will give the paper a diverse yet focused population for its research. Definition of terms In the course of the study, several terms and jargons wi ll come up. Most of these words are referring to terms used in technology and education. The following words are most likely to appear throughout the study. They are defined here for reference and clarity.

The Meaning of Acceptance

Human beings argon social animals. That conveys that they interact with each oppositewise apart from reasons of propagation. One of the ways human beings interact is through communication. However, non all communication is successful. Oftentimes, communication between two or more than psyches may cause misunderstandings and conflicts to occur. In this paper, Rogers present his outlook towards abideance and understanding, its importance and the benefits of achieving this.The import of Acceptance and UnderstandingIn a lecture given by Rogers (2007) in 1956, the premise of his lecture was that he firmly believed that all individuals have an unmoving tendency to grow, mature and be responsible for their lives. His ideas with regards to the meanings of meetance and understanding were influenced by both religion and philosophy. Throughout his lecture, he emphasized that an individual would only be able to understand one self and others only if they have embraced the take overance of one self and others.Rogers (2007) focused his lecture on a number of make points. The first is that he discovered that in the long run, it would benefit the individual to accept himself or herself and to refrain from acting as though they were someone else. This is because when an individual lives a fallacious life and portrays an identity that is other from his or her own, that individual would not be able to act in a calm and benignant manner. This would also lead to the failure of the individuals in keeping and maintaining personal relationships with others. As a result, he believed that it is extremely imperative that an individual must learn to accept who and what he or she is.Once an individual is able to accept himself or herself for who and what they are, it is only then that they will be able to begin to accept other people. This process is more difficult than the acceptance of one self. Because human beings are social beings, they interact with each other. However, t here are instances when it turn overs difficult to accept the words, thoughts, reflectivity and especially suggestions of others. This is because it is the nature of the individual to become faultfinding(prenominal) about the statement and reactions received from another individual. In fact, it is on very rare occasions that individuals accept criticism and suggestions given by other people, particularly if they view these people are inferior to them. Some examples of these relationships are between parent and child, professor and student, or employer and employee (Rogers 2007).Rogers (2007) stressed the importance of accepting other people for who and what they are with regards to not only the development of deeper and more meaningful relationships with each other, but also this would become a valuable experience for the individual as well. This is because once the individual has come to accept who he or she is it will be easier for the individual to accept other people for who they are.As such, it will make the individual understand certain behaviors that another individual exhibits and would be able to understand and be more patient with one another. Furthermore, because individuals are accepted and understood by others, they are more comfortable in exposing their true colors, instead of living behind a faade, deepening further the relationship between two individuals.ConclusionAlthough human beings are social animals, human beings are also known to be judgmental towards other people. This attitude has been seen long throughout mankinds history. For instance, unexplainable occurrences that happen in the environment have long been associated to gods, goddesses and deities. When explorers from the West discovered discordant lands, they referred to the inhabitants of the land as savages or barbarians simply because they look different and their way of living is different.Even today, individuals from certain cultures are stereotyped by others. Most of these stereotyping are degrading on the part of the individual being address. As such, they are extremely apprehensive to accept who and what they are. Instead, they acculturate themselves and become somebody that they are not.However, no matter how hard a person tries to change, certain behaviors and attitudes would still come across other people because these are part of the person and would often be expressed unconsciously. As such, this would confuse other people or would cause them to shame him or her further because they are not being true towards himself or herself, but towards other people as well.Only when the individual is able to accept who he or she really is deep down, from gender preference to his or her cultural ancestry, this individual would not only be able to be more comfortable in expressing himself or herself in society because they are not worried on how they should act to please other people but also they will be able to establish stronger, more fruitful and deeper relationships with other people since only those who are willing to accept them for who and what they are will be those who are worth having a relationship with.ReferencesRogers, C. (2007). What understanding and acceptance mean to me. In H. S. Friedman & M.W. Schustack (Eds.), The personality reader (pp. 241-49). Needham Heights, MA Allyn & Bacon.

Effects On The Industrial Revolution

ECONOMICALIndustrialization resulted in an increase in population and the happening of urbanization, as a growing number of people moved to urban centres in wait of employment. Some individuals became very wealthy, but some waitd in horrible conditions. A class of wealthy industrialists, ship owners and merchants conquered, accumulating great wealth, but at the same magazine the working classes had to live with minimum comforts in overcrowded environments. Children were sent to work in factories, where they were broken and ill-treated. The growth of the Industrial regeneration depended on the ability to deification raw materials and finished goods over long distances.There were three main types of transportation that increased during the Industrial Revolution waterways, roads, and railroads. Transportation was important because people were starting to live in the West. During this age period, transportation via water was the cheapest way to move heavy products (such as coal and iron). As a result, canals were widened and deepened to allow more(prenominal) boats to pass. Robert Fulton made the premier(prenominal) steam-powered engine to power a steamboat, and in 1807 he demonstrated its use by going from New York City to Albany via the Hudson River.His steamboat was able to black market raw materials across the Atlantic Ocean by the mid 1800s. The roads also improved immensely during this time period. Previously, people traveled using animals or by foot, but there were many problems with the conditions of the roads. In 1751, turnpikes were created for easier transportation, especially for the horse-drawn wagons. John Loudon McAdam made macadam road surfaces which consisted of crushed rock in cut layers.Thomas Telford made new fixations in roads with large flat stones. Soon after, roads across America were improved based on these techniques. The closest to trains were horses, usually used to pull freight cars along rails. In 1801, Richard Trevithick ma de the first steam locomotive. These improvements on waterways, roads, and railroads all made traveling safer, and it allowed goods to be moved more efficiently.SOCIALWomen experienced large changes in their lifestyle as they took jobs indomestic service and the textile industries, leaving the agricultural workforce and spending less time in the family home. This period also saw the creation of a middle class that enjoyed the benefits of the new prosperity. People started spending their free time entertaining themselves in theatres, concert halls and sports facilities or enjoying the inelegantside in long path.The Industrial Revolution was preceded by an agricultural revolution that increased the food supply while decreasing the pith of labor needed. Traditionally, the primary goal of agriculture was to produce enough food to prevent famine. This overwhelming fear of starvation made ab protrude farmers very materialistic and highly skeptical of change. Poor harvests would lower the supply of food, which would result in increased prices. The basic effect of supply and demand was at the center of most of the class conflict in this preindustrial world.Both bad harvests and increased population affected the price of food. High prices increased the wealth of the aristocratic class and led to stopping point and starvation among the peasants therefore, the primary reason behind most peasant uprisings was the high price of food.POLITICALMost important, however, 19th-century Britain experienced political unrest as the industrialization and urbanization of the country created a need for social and political change. There were change magnitude demands for improved social welfare, education, labour rights, political rights and equality, as well as for the abolition of the slave trade and changes in the electoral system. As a result, the slave trade was abolished in 1807 and the Great Reform Act was passed by Parliament in 1832. afterwards this Reform Act, manufact uring cities such as Birmingham and Manchester could be represented in Parliament for the first time, thereby substantially changing the character of parliamentary politics.The Industrial Revolution brought many changes to Europe but one of the most notable differences is urbanization. Urbanization is the process of people migrating to the cities from farms and the country. Before urbanization and the Industrial Revolution, most people were peasants and lived out in the country. Their occupation was a farmer and they generally just worked from home. However, once the Industrial Revolution started people, people started moving to cities and working innew factories, increasing urbanization. A reason for this was that because of a surplus of food, the population increased.This supplied more labor which allowed people to start moving to cities instead of staying on the farms. Also more jobs were found in the cities compared to the farms because of new technologies that greatly increased the productivity of farming which cause the demand for farmers to decrease. However, the continuity of this change is that even though farmers were moving out the cities to retrieve jobs, there were still farmers working in the country. Farmers were still needed to produce food for the growing population but there were less of them needed because technology replaced some the need for human labor. Urbanization was certainly a crucial change during the Industrial Revolution but there were still some features that stayed the same.

Benvenuto Cellini and the Importance of Individualism, Masculinity, Family and God Essay

Benvenuto Cellini and the Importance of Individualism, Masculinity, Family and God The Renaissance eon, to this solar day, is thought to be the most influential period in merciful history as it brought almost the rebirth of classical forms, interest in secular humanisms, and the concern for individualism. Renaissance, over umteen age, has been known as the idea of rebirth, expansion of culture and art, and individualism.There affirm been many Renaissance before but the most recognized was that of the Italian Renaissance. It led to the rebirth of art, architecture, Latin, religion, law which are just a few of many more. This era gave birth to the Humanist move manpowert, which advocated the importance of individualism and human values. Most importantly, the Renaissance included some the most munificent minds, which were polymaths and had immense skill and creativity. Over the socio-economic classs these great minds have come to be known as Renaissance men or women, people wh o are well educated and or exceed in a wide variety of fields.Renaissance men like Michelangelo inspired all of Italy and Europe with his architectural designs and sculptures, the father of Humanism, Petrarch changed the concepts of scholastics, while Leonardo da Vinci left his fellow Italians in awe with his magnificent artistic and engineering skills. all(prenominal) of these men advocate the idea of secular ideas, freedom of thinking and individualism. It was during this full-blooded growth in the arts, sciences and religion that Benvenuto Cellini, atomic number 53 of the greatest Italian Renaissance Man, was born. Benvenuto Cellini was born in Florence on 3rd November 1500 and was businessally an Italian goldsmith, medical specialtyian, sculptor, soldier and painter.This range of the Renaissance from the fourteenth and fifteenth century and the intellectual and artistic ideas of the ordinal century are what shaped Benvenuto Cellini and his life to come, and then ultimate ly led him to economize undoubtedly the most famous chronicle and the most important biography from the Italian Renaissance Era.Cellini started writing his autobiography at the age 58, in the year 1558, as he believed that he had lived a satisfying portion of his life and that he should write so people could learn of his great battles and achievements throughout his lifetime. Cellini mentions, All men of whatsoever quality they be, who have done anything of excellence, or which may properly resemble excellence, ought, if they are persons of truth and honesty, to describe their life with their own heap but they out non to attempt so fine an enterprise till they have passed the age of forty (section 2, page 4).Although Benvenuto thinks of himself as an uneducated man, his beautifully written sonnets and carefully orchestrated work, says otherwise. Unlike many works of his time, the Autobiography of Benvenuto Cellini possesses both a historical and cultural significance. Benvenuto Cellini was the son of Maestro Giovanni Cellini and Madonna Elisabetta, who were both Florentine citizens. This fact, with others, act as a driving force in his love for Florence and why he decided to start writing his autobiography when he came back to Florence after several years traveling around Rome, France and many other cities.The reader can obvious conclude that this document can be of great importance in the study of Italian life during the Renaissance, but the tone with which Cellini wrote, remarkably relates to the movements that took place during the latter years of the Renaissance. Benvenuto unquestionably shows fondness toward individualism, humanism and self-development, two of which movements were common around the sixsometeen century. The term Autobiography is defined as study of oneself, and is obviously an ideal example of individualism. Cellinis Autobiography surpasses that of his time, autobiographies during the sixteenth century exhibited a recital of the wor ks of the author.While Cellini expresses a elaborated chronicle of his life, the triumphs he faced, the deepest secrets and his feelings towards his actions. No one from his time was able to document a masterpiece like such. Benvenuto shows the importance of individualism, masculinity, family, and God through this detailed account of his life. This style of writing was rare during the sixteenth century as Benvenuto opened his consciousness put it on a document, everything that he loved or hated, his legal or illegal actions, his friends and enemies. Benvenuto, like many others during the Renaissance era, was a true worshipper of God and that whatever good happened to him was due to the gift of God.He talks almost the great lineage of his family and that he was born into a family with honorable men and states that God is very pleased that he should be born so that he could sustain this great primeation his ancestors laid down. One can listen here that he exhibits everything tha t is of great importance to him. Family, as he talks about the honorable foundation of his family, individualism and masculinity is shown when he boasts about have great qualities to hold the foundation, and finally God, which he believes that itpleased God that he, was born.Even though Benvenuto believes that he is a true Christian, his actions are a long personal manner from Christian, they prove otherwise. People during the conversion were seen to have very unclear value and moral during to different renaissance movement. This effect is seen with some of Benvenutos decisions and actions throughout his autobiography. more(prenominal) than half of his conflicts and stories were handled immorally, for instance Benvenuto kills a person he dislikes without even thinking of the consequences or him fathering some illegitimate children.One can see from his tone that Benvenuto does not realize that he has committed a sin according to Christianity. He recognizes that there is a God and cherishes the religious ceremonies but does not live by it when it comes to morality. Here we can see that the idea of individualism and masculinity is of more importance to him. On one occasion Benvenuto he had to pay bail for an personal line of credit he had with his competitors. So, he reached out to his cousin for bail money, but the cousin refuses. To many people this does not seem like a big rationality to be angered but Benvenutos anger causes him to kill around half a dozen of his enemies.Clearly, Christian morals were not thought about when Benvenuto decides to murder those men. Another important Renaissance aspect that was exemplified by Benvenuto in his autobiography was individualism. Individualism is defined by Websters as a conjecture maintaining the political and economic independence of the individual while stressing individual initiative, action, and interests. However, in context of Benvenutos work, individualism has a much deeper significance.He describes that his father began to form him in many trades and hobbies especially music. The idea of individualism is greatly displayed here because even though his father wanted him to be interested in music and playing the flute, he followed his own interest and learned to become a skilled goldsmith. Today this type of action is very common, but as historians know, the profession on men in renaissance Italy depended on the profession of their father or family.The fact that Benvenuto thought was becoming a goldsmith shows that some of the renaissance movements had an affect on Benvenutos decisions. Although you also see here, the importance of family, Benvenuto decides to play the flute at times just to please his father, even though he hates playing a musical instrument. This family influence plays an important role in making Benvenuto part of the great list of Renaissance men, a good musician, magnificent goldsmith and many others.At a very young age, he mastered the skill of time management and gave up immature activities. This level of straighten out was obviously very crucial because it would stick with him for the rest of his life also for the same reason make him one of the most famous figures in the Italian Renaissance Era. Boasting about oneself was not very common among autobiographies during the time of the Renaissance, which is what makes Benvenutos autobiography such a unique and important one. As mentioned previous about his conflicts, Benvenuto loved to show his masculinity when he wrote about his conquests and his time as a soldier. Normally, the first time any person kills another human being, they do not brag about it but Benvenuto seems not affected by it and boast about how masculine it was. He describes in detail,I found them at table and Gherardo, who had been the cause of the quarrel, flung himself upon me. I stabbed him in the breast, piercing doublet and jerkin through and through to the shirt, without however grazing his flesh or doing him the least harm in the world. When I felt my hand go in, and heard the clothes tear, I thought that I had killed him and seeing him fall terror-struck to earth, I cried Traitors, this day is the day on which I mean to murder you all. Father, mother and sisters, thinking the last day had come, threw themselves upon their knees, screaming out for mercy with all their might but I perceiving that they offered no resistance, and that he was stretch for dead upon the ground, thought it too base a thing to touch them When I got among them, raging like a unhinged bull, I flung four or five to the earth, and fell down with them myself, continually aiming my dagger now at one and now at another (Section 17)Obviously, this detailed episode was meant to show the readers that he was the bravest man in Italy and that no one can bring him down. His masculinity was not all bad because it had a study contribution to his goldsmith profession. When he first got into a fight in Florence along side with is brother, he mentions that even though they were throwing stones at him, he never left his brothers side. He also mentions that the soldiers that rescued them praised and wondered how a young boy had such a valor. tho this played to his advantage because due to this fight, he was banished to Siena for six months, during which he took up the goldsmiths business and mastered his skill.Lastly, he mentions that when someone killed his brother, Benvenuto, in response to this, in an act of revenge, murdered his brothers killer. After which he fled to Rome. This was the purest form of masculinity because it has to do with power, both physical and mental. Benvenuto embodied his masculinity by over powering his brothers killer and fetching revenge, really showing that he was a man. Lastly, importance of family and heritage was very common during the Renaissance Era, which meant family always came first. Benvenuto shows a great attachment to his family and was proud of his heritage as he s ays that his ancestors were men of valor. All throughout the autobiography he mentions his father and you can see that he always seeks for his fathers approval.As we know Giovanni Cellini was a musician and also made his own instruments, he wanted Benvenuto to follow in his footsteps but Benvenuto had no interest. Nevertheless you see on several do that Benvenuto plays the flute just to please his father. Giovanni Cellinis influence is greatly seen in Benvenutos life, as he is partly responsible for why Benvenuto chose to become a goldsmith. He mentions in section seven that Giovanni posses a simple vein of poetry, instilled in him by nature, together with a certain touch of prophecy, through which he wrote these four verses under the arms of the Medici crestThese arms, which have so long from sight been laidBeneath the holy cross, that symbol meek,Now lift their inspired glad face, and seekWith Peteris sacred cloak to be arrayed.This beautifully written verse inspired Pope Leo X to the extent that Giovanni was invited to Rome to guard his place in the palace. Seeing the great influence this one inscription had on the Pope, Benvenuto commenced goldsmith in Rome. The earning he made from this business were also move to his father because he was always worried about him. Clearly you can see that family was of great importance to him.Benvenuto Cellinis life story is only one example of the Italian Renaissance Era. Observing all the events that took place in his life, we can now conclude how the Italian Renaissance affected individuals during that time period. But more importantly, the ramifications of the Italian Renaissance can still be seen in todays modern world. Freedom and individuality is what American was built on and I conclude that many historical events played a role in world freedom, with specific significance on the Italian Renaissance Era. It is significant because it changed the thought process of people.Going back to Cellini and his self-develo pment in terms of multi-mastery in a variety of tasks, art, music, sculpting, goldsmith, etc now, imagine that every person during that time was improving himself or herself. When a movement like the Renaissance affects a mass population, the influence of it can be sustained and passed on from generation to generation for years. With his autobiography, Benvenuto shows the mastery of narrative and cleverly recites his life story as if the reader was listening to the great Benvenuto Cellini tell us about the great tales of his life. The successful way of incorporating his personality into his saga makes this autobiography a work of art.BIBLIOGRAPHYPrimary SourceCellini, Benvenuto. The Autobiography of Benvenuto Cellini. London Penguin, 1998. Secondary SourceCellini, in Italian Renaissance Reader, 343.

South America vs. North America

Audrey Hepburn March 4, 2013 Mr. Miller AP U. S. History southeast vs. North 1800-1850 FRQ In spite of sharing a country, the Northern and southwestern areas of America had numerous differences and distinctions, which ended up dividing the nation. During the first part of the 1800s the North and the South grew in different ways. In the North, cities were centers of wealth and manufacturing. There were many skilled workers. In the South there was not much manufacturing. There were not many skilled workers. nearly of the people were out-of-the-way(prenominal)mers. Money came from plantation crops, like like, and slavery was a study piece of their economy.Their respective societies were also diverse. The period between 1800 and 1850 brought rapid population growth throughout the United States. In the North the overall population travel from about 5 billion to 31 million during this time. Part of this increase was due to massive immigration. Between 1830 and 1850 over 2 million Irish, German, and other northern Europeans arrived in the United States. Most of them notetled in the North. The population of the South was made up of white Americans and enslaved Africans. By 1800 there were about 4 million slaves in America and the United States was the overlargest slaveholding republic.The total population of the South reached 12 million. The South was an overwhelmingly agricultural region of mostly farmers. Most farmers lived in the backcountry on medium sized farms, while a depressed number of planters ran large farms, or plantations. The South was ideal for agriculture and had the ability to grow crops in large amounts. However, only one-fourth of the Southern population owned slaves, and most of these were the planters. The rest of the population was made up of white independent farmers, tenant farmers (who rented degrade and paid the landowners in crops or money), laborers, or frontier families.Most Southerners lived on farms, scattered along the coas tal plains and the small farmers in the backcountry. Since the economy was based on agriculture, industries and towns unquestionable at a slower pace than in the North. There were many small towns along the banks of rivers and the coasts. Only a few large cities developed as trading centers in the South. Plantations were so large and so distant from each other that they became almost self-sufficient, like small towns. Cities in the North thrived as centers of commerce. They were set up along the Atlantic coast and served as centers of trade between the North and Europe.They were hubs of manufacturing of textiles (cloth goods) and other products. Many people from rural New England moved to the cities looking for for employment opportunities. In 1800 about 5 percent of the population lived in cities, but by 1850 nearly 15 percent did. Increased trade and manufacturing displace many laborers to town to work. Cities were often crowded and dirty. Not until after 1830s were harbors and streets improved, sanitation systems were started, and police forces were created. Public services such as education began to issuance root. The Southern economy was based on agriculture.Crops such as cotton plant, tobacco, rice, sugar cane and indigo were grown in great quantities. They were raised on large farms, known as plantations, which were supported by slave labor. After Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1793, cotton took over as king of the southern economy. Whitney invented the cotton gin, a machine that separated the seed from the cotton fiber much faster than could be done by hand. This caused a rapid growth and elaboration of cotton production. In 1793 Southern farmers produced about 10,000 bales of cotton. By 1835, they were growing over 1 million bales a year.Cotton exports made up deuce-thirds of the total value of American exports. To clear land and grow cotton, Southerners used slave labor. Slavery was essential for the Souths prosperity. The South had litt le manufacturing, and Southerners wanted cheap imports. Since they exported most of their cotton and tobacco, they believed that high tariffs-taxes on imported goodswould scare away the foreign markets that bought their goods. For these reasons the South was against tariffs. The North, however, favored high tariffs to protect its industries from foreign competition.The Northern economy was based on many different industries. These included shipping, textiles, lumber, furs, and mining. The majority of people lived on small farms and found that much of the land was suited for subsistence farmingraising food crops and stock for family userather than producing goods to export, or send to other countries. Northerners stated to use their ingenuity to manufacture all kinds of goods. With the use of waterpower and coal for steam plants, manufacturing developed quickly. peck realized that the many surrounding waterfalls were cheap source of energy, and the waterpower began to be used to ru n the factories. Items such as textiles, iron, and ships were manufactured in great quantities. These goods were traded for foreign products, as well as transported to and from all continents by trading ships. The growth of trade, manufacturing and transportation brought many changes to cities in the North. Cities took on an increasingly important role in determine the culture of the North. Merchants, manufacturers, wage earners, and new business owners brought new ideas to the North. The majority of Northerners were Protestant believers.Villages became strong centers of community activities. Cities were important centers of art, culture, and education. Most cities printed newspapers and books and provided many forms of recreation, such as dancing, pecker playing, and theatre. Both religion and education were organized institutes. Most towns had both schools and churches. Public education grew in the north after the 1830s, but few boys went to secondary school, and college was taci turn mostly for the wealthy. There were few schools or churches in the South, since neither education nor religion were very organized.The best educated were the sons of planters. On plantations there were sometimes small schools, and often planters hired private tutors to teach their children until they could be sent off to private schools. Small farmers had little or no education. Life in the South revolved around the small, wealthy class of planters and the agricultural system they controlled. Planters were the aristocracythe upper classof the South. They lived like country gentleman of England and ran the political and economic life. Plantations were far apart and developed their own communities.Recreational activities included such things as fox hunting, dancing, horseracing, and watching cockfights. During the first half of the 1800s transportation vastly improved, and the size of the United States more than doubled. Methods of long-distance transports, such as steamships and railroads, affected the South because products could more easily be sold to more distant markets. By 1850 about 9,000 miles of railroad parcel out across the Southern states. Meanwhile, hundreds of steamboats moved Southern crops to the North and to European markets.Still, this was not nearly as vast a railroad system as the North. Most of the new rail lines were in the North, spanning out to the west. By 1850, 30,000 miles of railroad tracks connected distant parts of the United States. . Canals, mostly built in the North, were also a cheap source of transportation. The Erie Canal was clearly a success for New York commercial activities. Many other cities began to follow suit and within a ten a system of over 3,000 canals provided water transportation between the Eastern seaboard and rivers in the West. By 1850 there were over 88,000 miles of surfaced roads.Although the Northern and Southern states divided many things, in the period of 1800-1850, their disparities began to outs hine what they had in common, which helped to lead into the Civil War. Their economies were polar opposites, with the Northern industrializing and the South farming and exporting their societies were based on two diverse things, the South being an almost aristocratic system and the North focusing on factory work and industrializing. Their governmental ideals differed, especially and so blatantly emphasized in their opinions on tariffs.

Ebay Culture Essay

What is system of rulesal stopping point? This indefinable confederacy of set, beliefs, and pr stageice that a corporation posses, which makes the difference between surviving and thriving, succeeding and failing. Most large corporations typic whollyy confuse a strong ending with values and norms appropriate to the organizational purpose. In a life-size organization, sub- civilisations also exist, division to division, office to office. In this part of this group assignment I will report the organizational culture of one of the most famous internet companies in the world, which is also the largest marketplace in the internet EBay.Many articles and books have been written in recent years about culture in organizations, usu on the wholey referred to as Corporate Culture. The dictionary defines culture as the act of developing intellectual and incorrupt faculties, especially through education. This paper will use a slightly disparate definition of culture the moral, social, and behavioral norms of an organization based on the beliefs, attitudes, and priorities of its inner(a) fraternity. E rattling organization has its own unique culture or value set.The culture of the organization is typically created unconsciously, based on the values of the top perplexity or the go bads of an organization. Organizational culture has been defined as a pattern of basic assumptions, values, or beliefs and norms of behavior. gibe to OReilly, organizational culture defined as the values shared by members of an organization. These basic values may be thought of as naturalized normative beliefs that can guide behavior inside an organization.If organizational culture is developed as an organization learns to deal with the dual problems of both external adaptation and intimate integration, then values that enhance the organizations capability in these two functions should be recyclable for it. To the extent that members of an organization share the same sets of valu es, thought processes, and languages, they will have similar mind-sets and behaviors as they merge their efforts inside the organization and adapt to surroundal changes. Research has documented a variety of outcomes that are tie in to organizational culture.For example, organizational culture has been found to relate to organization growth and organization performance. Other studies have shown that its effect can be observed directly at the individual level, in outcomes such as commitment, resource allocation decisions, retention, and perceived attractiveness of an organization. Given the dramatic changes in both the external environment and the internal structure of worldwide organizations, organizations that emphasize cultural values that relate to external adaptation and internal integration should be more effective than those that do not.The character of any corporation or an organization characterized by set of values and principles by which the founders and the upper counse lling run the company from its creation when its in reality begin to become part of the DNA of the company. I believe that companies form culture in truth early on and they get imprinted very early on with a sense of right and wrong. And it starts from the top. It started with the CFO, the President, and CEO. tally to Whitman, sis he had innate sense that they needed at EBay to appoint very early on what the code of behavior was going to be, what the code of ethics would be.EBays internal company culture was very dominant and strong. Even though its culture had great influence of its members behavior, the culture encourages its members to happen more commitment. Employees were expected to be open and honest, to treat one another with respect, and to speak up if they believed they were not beingness treated in this manner. EBay functioned as being a nonhierarchical, democratic organization that encouraged ideas and feedback from all employees. The culture at eBay characterized a s being open and low risk, where employees were encouraged to express their opinions despite their different points of view.Mistakes were acceptable, but employees were encouraged to truly learn from them. According to Whitman, unlike other companies where different views and opinions from the senior management were barely heard , at EBay they do not have punishes attitude, meaning that there is no penalty for being on the wrong side of an issue or changing your mind in the reflexion of better information. If an employees point of view contradict with his/her colleague when you end up convinced to be wrong, the culture is to prize your opinion and at the same time to come with the approach of ok? hats smart. Youre right. Lets move on. In addition, As role models, senior managers had to act with a high degree of professionalism and respect. EBay does not encourage people who scream loud or dumbfound the tables. At EBay, its pretty even-keeled culture. Sustaining its culture prov ide a better understanding of the strength of the culture. As EBay grew, in order to conserve the unique internal culture of the organization, EBay made sure it hires only individuals who befit with the culture of the organization.In order to emphasize the importance of its culture, EBays CEO Meg Whitman, met with new candidates and suck eBays values and to set expectations for how each employee would support and contribute to the companys culture. According to EBay founder Pierre Omidyar, experience was not the only feeling they were looking in potential applicants, but for mortal who really understands the significance of its both internal and external communities and that person should express its most respect to these communities.Moreover, cadence the community and organization very often represents a major challenge in terms of being sure the values and culture of EBay are being communicated correctly. Therefore, on the organizational side, they had to be sure they were hi ring quality employees who fit with the culture they could not afford to let that slip. Even though most well establish cultures resist changes, EBay was able to accept changes within its upper management and the way it works.For example, when Whitman arrived EBay she tried to make whatsoever changes because she felt they were needed the way the company goes and in order to adapt to these new changes. An example would be her trying to set up these meetings, but no one had a calendar. According to Whitman, at EBay this was a culture where appointments were not needed because of its small size there were only 35 people at the company. So she laid out a calendar and asked people to sign up for appointments. She did not appreciate the feedback the employees did not like the changes.What ended up happening was that the employees who had previously worked in big companies signed up for multiple meetings, and the people who had worked primarily in start-ups didnt sign up at all. Furtherm ore, EBays culture was designed to mirror its external community culture. Very burning(prenominal) element of EBays culture is a respect for its community. It goes far beyond the customer is always right because eBay wouldnt exist if it werent for its community The meetings helped Whitman realize just how special the chemistry was between eBays internal and external communities.EBays internal culture mirrored many of the characteristics of its external community culture in tangible ways they were empowered to develop recommendations, and the company employed a nonhierarchical, team-based approach to problem solving. According to Omidyar this configuration was so important Internally, EBay had to share the same values as their community because they indirectly influence the community in anything they do.Everything EBay jell on the Web site, every press release, every utterance to the press, every corporate action, every deal, every partnership that happens in any part of the orga nization eventually trickles down to the community. EBay rely on all of its executives and then their managers to continue to communicate the culture. The message should trickle down to the very last employee, so that everyone really understands what were about and what our values are. EBay also encourage its employees to call the upper management if were doing something that is not quite right. EBay empowered everyone to be a guardian of the culture everyone.

Birth of Witricity Technology Essay

1. INTRODUCTIONIn this era of modernization, voltaic energy has endure the cup of life. A moment without galvanisingity sort outs your thinking go dry. The major ascendant of conventional stratum of voltaicity is through wires. The continuous research and development has brought forward a major breakthrough, which provides electricity without the spiritualist of wires. This wonder baby is called Witricity. There ar definite small but actually useful discoveries make in history, which changed the world forever, Newtons gravitational law, Watts s aggroup engine, Thomsons light bulb and many more. But a renaissance occurred with the invention of Electrocharismatic Waves by maxwell. Sir Jagdish Chandra Bose successfully generated electrocharismatic waves having wavelength in the range of 5mm to 25 mm. Thereafter an Italian scientist named Marconi succeeded in carryting electrocharismatic waves up to a keep of several miles. And with this in that respect started a new era ca lled WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY.Today, as we raft see the pronounce tuner is common in day to day life. radio receiver communication has made the world smaller. near distributively and everything is radio receiver or cordless. Cordless mouse, cordless keyboard, satellitecommunication, rovings, cordless microph wizs and head knells, wireless internet serving i.e. WI-FI, etc. And these oblige definitely increased the standard of living. In fact it dates subscribe to the 19th century, when Nikola Tesla employ conduction- handbagd clays instead of vibrancy magnetized detention to ship wireless source. As it is in Radiative mode, most of the fountain was wasted and has less efficiency. Further, in 2005, Dave Gerding coined the term WiTricity which is creation apply by the MIT researchers today. Moreover, we all are informed of the use of electro magnetic radiation therapys which is quite an well known for wireless delight of information. In addition, lasers have exces sively been used to transmit energy without wires.However, receiving set set waves are not feasible for might transmissions because the nature of the radiation is such that it spreads crosswise the place, resulting into a large amount of radiations being wasted. Witricity is based upon coupled resonant objects to move energy between objects without wires. The system consists of a Witricity transmitter, and finesses which act as receivers. Like radio receivers, the devices must be in range of the transmitter. Witricity depart ensure that the cell phones, laptops, iPods and some other(prenominal) post thirsty devices feature aerated on their own, eliminating the indigence of plugging them in. Even better, because of Witricity some of the devices wont require batteries to operate which is a largess for the users of these devices.HISTORYIn 1825 William Sturgeon invented the electromagnet, a conducting wire wrapped rough an iron core. The principle of EM installation that a changing magnetic field provide induce an electrical current in an coterminous wire was discovered by Michael Faraday in 1831. Combining these twain discoveries, Nicholas Joseph Callan was the commencement exercise to demonstrate the transmission and reaction of electrical energy without wires. Callans 1836 induction coil apparatus consisted of deuce insulated coils called the first and snatchary twistys both(prenominal) placed around a common iron core. A battery intermittently affiliated to the primary would induce a voltage in the lengthy secondary causing a spark to leaping across its free terminals.In an induction coil or electrical transformer, which trick have every an iron core or an air core, the transmission of energy takes place by simple electromagnetic dyad through a process known as correlative induction. Withthis method it is possible to transmit and receive energy over a considerable outperform. However, to draw signifi quartert spot in that way, th e two inductors must be placed fairly close together. If resonant coupling is used, where inductors are tuned to a mutual frequence, signifi groundworkt power whitethorn be genetical over a range of many meters. In 1864 James Clark Maxwell mathematically modeled the behavior of electromagnetic radiation.Some primal score in the area of energy transmission via radio waves was done in 1888 by Heinrich Hertz who performed experiments that validated Maxwells mathematical model. Hertzs apparatus for generating electromagnetic waves is generally acknowledged as the first radio transmitter. A few years later Guglielmo Marconi worked with a modified form of the Hertz-wave transmitter, the main progression being the addition of an elevated conductor and a ground connection. Both of these elements fucking be traced back to the 1749 work of Benjamin Franklin and that of Mahlon Loomas in 1864. Nikola Tesla also invented radio transmission and reception but un standardised Marconi, Tesla knowing his own transmitter one with power-processing capability some five orders-of-magnitude greater than those of its predecessors.He would use this resembling coupled-tuned-circuit oscillator to implement his conduction-based energy transmission method as well. Both of these no-cables methods employ a minimum of quad tuned circuits, two at the transmitter and two at the receiver. As wireless technologies were being developed during the early 1900s, researchers further investigated these different transmission methods. The goal was just to generate an effect locally and detect it at a exceed. Around the same time, efforts began to power more signifi shadowt loads than the full(prenominal)-resistance sensitive devices that were being used to simply detect the received energy.2. EVOLUTION OF WITRICITY2.1 INVENTORS OF WITRICITYThe inventors of Witricity are the researchers from the team from Massachusetts Institute of engineering. They are the good deal who had coined the p hrase of Witricity and this invention can change the way electricity is used today. With Witricity, the tangle of cables, plugs and charters thatnormally fix bags can be rid of. Prof. Marin Soljacic provided the inspiration for the experiment and invention of Witricity. It was while standing in the kitchen one night, that on staring at his expeditious phone that he had thought it would be nice if his fluent phone would take care of its own charging instead of him having to periodically fault it.He then tested out his experiment using two coils of copper, where one was connected to a receiver, and the other to a transmitter. With the support of these two coils of copper, the inventors of Witricity managed to transmit power across s sluice feet through the air to instantly light up a light bulb. Though Witricity worked thus far distances up till 9 feet at its inception, the inventors believed that it was possible to charge a battery that was located at a distance of a few yard s from the power source that was connected to the receiving coil. They state that it would be sufficient to place a source in each get on to provide power to the whole house.2.2. BIRTH OF WITRICITY TECHNOLOGYThe experimental design consisted of two copper coils, each a self-resonant system. One of the coils, connected to an AC power supply, was the resonant source. The other coil, the resonant puzzle device, was connected to a 60 watt light bulb. The power source and capture device were suspended in mid-air with nylon thread, at distances that ranged from a few centimeters to over 2.5 meters (8.2 ft). Not only was the light bulb illuminated, but the hypothetical predictions of high efficiency over distance were proven experimentally. By placing various objects between the source and capture device, the team demonstrated how the magnetic near field can move out power through trustworthy materials and around metallic obstacles. Thus Prof. Soljacics dream of finding a method to wi relessly connect mobile electric devices to the existing electric grid was realized. Witricity Corp. was soon launched to carry this engineering forward from the MIT laboratories to commercial production.2.3. fundamental principle OF WITRICITY TECHNOLOGYWitricity technology is transferring electric energy or power over distancewithout wires with the basics of electricity and magnetism, and work our way up to the wireless technology. galvanisingityThe flow of electrons (current) through a conductor (like a wire), or charges through the atmosphere (like lightning).A convenient way for energy to get from one place to otherMagnetismA fundamental force of nature, which causes certain types of materials to attract or repel each other Oscillating magnetic fields vary with time, and can be generated by alternating current (AC) flow rate on a wire. The strength, direction, and extent of magnetic fields are often represented and visualized by drawings of the magnetic field lines.Fig.1 Magn etic InductionElectromagnetismA term for the interdependence of time-varying electric and magnetic fields. For precedent, it turns out that an oscillating magnetic field produces an electric field and an oscillating electric field produces a magnetic field.Magnetic InductionA loop or coil of semiconductive material like copper, carrying an Alternating current (AC), is a very efficacious structure for generating or capturing magnetic field. If a conductive loop is connected to an AC power source, it will generate an oscillating magnetic field in the vicinity of the loop A second conducting loop, brought close enough to the first, may capture some share of that oscillating magnetic field, which in turn, generates or induces an electric current in the second coil. The current generated in the second coil may be used to power devices.vim/Power CouplingEnergy coupling occurs when an energy source has a representation of transferring energy to another object. One simple example is a locomotive pulling a train carthe mechanical coupling between the two enables the locomotive to pull the train. Magnetic coupling occurs when the magnetic field of one object interacts with a second object and induces an electric current in or on that object. In this way, electric energy can be transferred from a power source to a provide device.Fig.2 Illustration show resonance sonorousnessResonance can be thought of as the natural frequency at which energy can most efficiently be added to an oscillating system. A playground swing is an example of an oscillating system involving potential energy and kinetic energy.Resonant Magnetic CouplingMagnetic coupling occurs when two objects rally energy through their varying or oscillating magnetic fields. Resonant coupling occurs when the natural frequencies of the two objects are approximately the same.Fig.3 Illusration showing the working of WiTricity3. HOW WITRICITY TECHNOLOGY IS DIFFERENT THAN another(prenominal) TECHNOLOGIES.3.1. TRADITIONAL magnetic innovationWitricity technology for power transfer appears to be traditional magnetic induction, such as is used in power transformers, where conductive coils transmit power to each other wirelessly, over very short distances. In a transformer, an electric current running in a sending coil (or primarywinding) induces another current in a receiving coil (or secondary winding). The two coils must be very close together, and may even overlap, but the coils do not make direct electrical contact with each other.However, the efficiency of the power exchange in traditional magnetic induction systems drops by orders of magnitude when the distance between the coils be coiffures larger than their coats. In addition to electric transformers, other devices based on traditional magnetic induction include rechargeable electric toothbrushes, and inductive charging pads which require that the object being charged be placed directly on top of, or very close to, the base or pad supplying the power. The power exchange efficiency of some induction systems is improved by utilizing resonant circuits. These so called resonantly enhanced induction techniques are used in certain medical implants and high-frequency RFids.Witricity inception technical team was the first to discover that by specially designing the magnetic resonators, one could extend to strong coupling and highly efficient energy exchange over distances much larger than the size of the resonator coils, distances very large compared to traditional schemes.3.2. WITRICITY TECHNOLOGY IS DIFFERENT THAN RADIATIVE POWER TRANSFERWitricity technology for power transfer is non-radiative and relies on near-field magnetic coupling. Many other techniques for wireless power transfer rely on radiative techniques, either broadcasted or narrow beam (direct radiation) transmission of radio, or light waves. Broadcasted radiation of radio frequency energy is commonly used for wireless information transfer because i nformation can be transmitted over a wide area to multiple users. The power received by each radio or wireless receiver is miniscule, and must be amplified in a receiving unit using an orthogonal power supply.Because the vast majority of radiated power is wasted into free space, radio transmission is considered to be an uneffective means of power transfer. Note that while more energy can be supplied to the receiver by cranking up the power of the transmitters in these systems, such high power levels may pose a safe hazard and may interfere with otherradiofrequency devices.Directed radiation, using highly directional antennas, is another means of using radio transmission to beam energy from a source to a receiver. However, enjoin radiationin particular microwave radiationmay interact powerfully with living organisms and certain metallic objects. Such energy transfer methods may pose safety hazards to people or objects that chock up the line-of-sight between the transmitter and r eceiver. These limitations make directed radio transmission impractical for delivering substantial levels of wireless power in a typical consumer, commercial, or industrial application. In fact, defense researchers are exploring the use of directed energy systems to deliver lethal doses of power to targets in space and on the battlefield.3.3. WITRICITY TECHNOLOGY IS DIFFERENT THAN MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI)MRI machines use magnetic resonance imaging to produce diagnostic images of delicate tissue. Many people assume that Witricity Resonant Magnetic Coupling must be similar to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology, however, the technologies are similar in name only.MRI is, as its name suggests, a technology for using magnetism as a basis for diagnostic imaging of soft tissue in the human body. It utilizes a strong DC magnet to orient the magnetic fields of atoms within tissues, and radio frequency fields to manipulate those atoms in a selective way, so that tissues and s tructures can be imaged clearly. The resonance referred to in MRI refers to the resonance of atomic structures. MRI is not considered to be a method for wireless power transfer.4. STRIKING FEATURES OF WITRICITY4.1. HIGHLY RESONANT STRONG COUPLING PROVIDES HIGH EFFICIENCY OVER infiniteWitricity mode of wireless power transfer is highly efficient over distances ranging from centimeters to several meters. Efficiency may be defined as the amount of usable electrical energy that is available to the device beingpowered, divided by the amount of energy that is drawn by the Witricity source. In many applications, efficiency can exceed 90%. And Witricity sources only transfer energy when it is needed. When a Witricity powered device no longer needs to capture additional energy, the Witricity power source will self-regulatingally reduce its power outgo to a power saving idle state.4.2. ability TRANSFER VIA MAGNETIC NEAR FIELD shadow PENETRATE AND WRAP AROUND OBSTACLESThe magnetic near f ield has several properties that make it an excellent means of transferring energy in atypical consumer, commercial, or industrial environment. Most common building and furnishing materials, such as wood, gypsum wall board, plastics, textiles, glass, brick, and concrete are essentially transparent to magnetic fieldsenabling Witricity technology to efficiently transfer power through them. In addition, the magnetic near field has the ability to wrap around many metallic obstacles that might otherwise block the magnetic fields.WiTricity applications engineering team will work with you to address the materials and environmental factors that may influence wireless energy transfer in your application4.3. NON-RADIATIVE ENERGY TRANSFER IS SAFE FOR PEOPLE AND ANIMALSWitricity technology is a non-radiative mode of energy transfer, relying instead on the magnetic near field. Magnetic fields interact very weakly with biological organismspeople and animalsand are scientifically regarded to be sa fe. Professor Sir John Pendry of Imperial College London, a world renowned physicist, explainsThe body really responds strongly to electric fields, which is why you can cook a chicken in a microwave .But it doesnt respond to magnetic fields. As far as we know the body has almost zero repartee to magnetic fields in terms of the amount of power it absorbs. Evidence of the safety of magnetic fields is illustrated by the widespread acceptance and safety of household magnetic induction cook tops.Through proprietary design of the Witricity source, electric fields are almost completely contained within the source. This design results in levelsof electric and magnetic fields which fall well within regulatory guidelines. Thus Witricity technology doesnt harbor rise to radio frequency emissions that interfere with other electronic devices, and is not a source of electric and magnetic field levels that pose a risk to people or animals. Limits for human exposure to magnetic fields are set by regulatory bodies such as the FCC, ICNIRP, and are based on broad scientific and medical consensus. Witricity technology is being developed to be fully compliant with applicable regulations regarding magnetic fields and electromagnetic radiation.4.4. SCALABLE DESIGN ENABLES SOLUTIONS FROM MILL WATTS TO KILOWATTSWitricity systems can be designed to handle a broad range of power levels. The benefits of highly efficient energy transfer over distance can be achieved at power levels ranging from mill watts to several kilowatts. This enables Witricity technology to be used in applications as diverse as powering a wireless mouse or keyboard (mill watts) to recharging an electric passenger fomite (kilowatts).Witricity technology operates in a load following mode, transferring only as much energy as the powered device requires.4.5. FLEXIBLE GEOMETRY ALLOWS WITRICITY DEVICES TO BE EMBEDDED INTO OEM PRODUCTSWitricity technology is being designed so that it can be easily embedded into a wide va riety of products and Systems. The physics of resonant magnetic coupling enables Witricity engineers to design power sources and devices of varying shapes and sizes, to match both the packaging requirements and the power transfer requirements in a given OEM application. Witricity has designed power capture devices compact enough to fit into a cell phone5. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES5.1 ADVANTAGESNo need of line of sight In witricity power transmission there is no need of line of sight between transmitter and receiver. That is power transmission can be possible if there is any obstructions like wood, metal, or other devices were placed in between the transmitter and receiver. Theres no need of power cables and batteries Witricity replaces the use of power cables and batteries. Does not interfere with radio waves and overall Wastage of power is small Electromagnetic waves would tunnel, they would not propagate through air to be absorbed or dissipated.So the wastage is small. Negativ e health implications By the use of resonant coupling, wave lengths produced are far lower and frankincense make it harmless. Highly efficient than electromagnetic induction Electromagnetic induction system can be used for wireless energy transfer only if the primary and secondary are in very close proximity. Resonant induction system is one million times as efficient as electromagnetic induction system. Its less costly The components of transmitter and receivers are cheaper. So this system is less costly.5.2. DISADVANTAGESWireless power transmission can be possible only in few meters. Efficiency is only about 40%.As witricity is in development stage, lot of work is done for improving the efficiency and distance between transmitter and receiver.6. WITRICITY APPLICATIONSWitricity wireless power transfer technology can be applied in a wide variety of applications and environments. The ability of our technology to transfer power safely, efficiently, and over distance can improve pro ducts by making them more convenient, reliable and environmentally friendly Witricity technology can be used to provide6.1. DIRECT WIRELESS POWERWhen all the power a device needs is provided wirelessly, and no batteries are required. This mode is for a device that is always used within range ofits Witricity power source.6.2. AUTOMATIC WIRELESS CHARGINGWhen a device with rechargeable batteries charges itself while still in use or at rest, without requiring a power cord or battery replacement. This mode is for a mobile device that may be used both in and out of range of its Witricity power source. Witricity technology is designed for Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) to embed directly in their products and systems.Witricity technology will make your productsMore Convenient1) No manual recharging or changing batteries.2) Eliminate unsightly, unwieldy and costly power cords.More Reliable3) neer run out of battery power.4) Reduce product failure rates by fixing the weakest consoc iate flexing wiring and mechanical interconnects.5) More Environmentally Friendly6) Reduce use of disposable batteries.7) Use efficient electric grid power directly instead of inefficient battery charging6.3. CONSUMER ELECTRONICSAutomatic wireless charging of mobile electronics (phones, laptops, game controllers, etc.) in home, car, office, Wi-Fi hotspots while devices are in use and mobile.Fig.4 Electronic devices that can be powered up using Witricity.Direct wireless powering of stationary devices (flat screen TVs, digital picture frames, home theater accessories, wireless loud speakers, etc.) eliminating expensive custom wiring, unsightly cables and wall-wart powersupplies. Direct wireless powering of backdrop PC peripherals wireless mouse, keyboard, printer, speakers, display, etc eliminating disposable batteries and awkward cabling. IndustrialDirect wireless power and communication interconnections across rotating and moving joints (robots, packaging machinery, assembly machi nery, machine tools) eliminating costly and failure-prone wiring. Direct wireless power and communication interconnections at points of use in harsh environments (drilling, mining, underwater, etc.) where it is impractical or impossible to run wires.6.4. TRANSPORTATIONAutomatic wireless charging for future crossing and all-electric passenger and commercial vehicles, at home, in parking stores, at fleet depots, and at remote kiosks. Direct wireless power interconnections to replace costly vehicle wiring harnesses and slip rings.6.5. OTHER APPLICATIONSDirect wireless power interconnections and automatic wireless charging for implantable medical devices (ventricular assist devices, pacemaker, defibrillator, etc.) Automatic wireless charging and for high tech military systems (battery powered mobile devices, covert sensors, unmanned mobile robots and aircraft, Direct wireless powering and automatic wireless charging of smart cards. Direct wireless powering and automatic wireless char ging of consumer appliances, mobile robots, etc.Fig.5 Illustration showing Witricity7. CONCLUSIONWitricity engineering is often a non-radiative method of power switch, relying as an alternative within the magnetic close to field. Magnetic fields work together extremely weakly with organic organismspeople andanimalsand are scientifically considered to get safe. WiTricity merchandise are becoming designed to comply with applicable security requirements and regulations. therefore witricity is know-how safe. Witricity can switch energy is dependent to the supply and receivers. if it really is comparatively shut to one yet another, and may exceed 95%.Efficiency is mostly determined through the length amongst the ability supply and stop machine, about the other hand, the form may perhaps affect the efficiency. it may switch the facility by means of walls also.Conventional magnetic induction calls for that the ability resource and seize unit be quite near to one a lot more typically insi de millimeters to exchange ability efficiently. Witricity Technology is depending on sharply resonant sturdy coupling, and is particularly capable to exchange strength effectively even in the event the distances amongst the ability supply and seize gadget are many occasions the belongings of your products themselves.8. FUTURE SCOPEMITs Witricity is only 40 to 45% efficient and according to Soljacic, they have to be twice as efficient to compete with the traditional chemical batteries. The teams next count on is to get a robotic vacuum or a laptop working, charging devices placed anywhere in the dwell and even robots on factory floors .The researchers are also currently working on the health issues colligate to this concept and have state that in another three to five years time, they will come up with a Witricity system for commercial use. TROY, Mich. Delphi Automotive has reached an agreement with Witricity Corp., a wireless energy transfer technology provider, to develop auto matic wireless charging products for hybrid and electric vehicles. The collaboration between the two companies will help establish a orbiculate infrastructure of safe and convenient charging options for consumer and commercial electric vehicles. This is modern technology that could enable automotive manufacturers to integrate wireless charging directly into the design of their hybrid and electric vehicles, said Randy Sumner, director, global hybrid vehicle development, Delphi Packard Electrical/Electronic Architecture.Delphis expertise in global engineering, validation and manufacturing coupled with Witricity patentedwireless energy transfer technology uniquely positions us to make wireless charging of electric vehicles a reality. Sumner said the wireless charging system would involve no plugs or charging cords. Drivers would simply park their electric vehicle over a wireless energy source that sits on the garage floor, or is embedded in a paved parking spot. The system will autom atically transfer power to the battery charger on the vehicle. According to Eric Giler, chief executive officer, Witricity, their wireless system can already transfer over 3,300 watts enough to fully charge an electric car at the same rate as most residential plug-in chargers. Charging an electric car should be as easy as parking it in your garage or parking spot, Giler said.Witricity high efficiency wireless energy transfer technology is ideally suited for electric vehicle charging, and our partnership with Delphi will help to quickly get this technology deployed in OEM vehicles and infrastructure projects worldwide. Delphi can bridge the gap between the laboratory and the highway by providing E/E systems integration expertise, a global manufacturing and engineering footprint and high-voltage, high-power components specifically engineered for the hybrid and electric vehicles of today and tomorrow, Sumner said.Wireless charging technology will need to co-exist with plug-in charging solutions, Sumner added, so that electric vehicle drivers have the ability to charge their vehicle when they are away from their wireless charging source. Delphi also makes a Portable Electric Vehicle Charger that fits conveniently in the trunk of an electric vehicle. The user-friendly, UL-listed charging system plugs into any standard 120-volt volcano to enable safe electric vehicle battery charging at home or away. The charging unit can also be integrated into stationary charging applications.Fig.6 Delphis solution for charging the cars using witricity technologyREFERENCES1 Change your electric vehicle wirelessly with Fulton innovations eCoupled technology by Yuka Yoneda. 2 MIT Witricity Not So Original After all by Gary Peterson. 3 MIT team experimentally demonstrates wireless power transfer, potentially useful for powering laptops, cell phones withoutcords, Franklin Hadley, Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies. 4 www.witricity.com, Wireless electrical energy Delivered Over D istance. 5 MIT Wizards Zap electricity Through The Air by Katherine Noyes. 6 MIT Makes Breakthrough in Wireless Electricity by Karen M.Cheung.

Professional Studies Essay

The word ethics originates from the Grecian term ethos. Ethos means customs, habitual usage, conduct, and character. The study of ethics has led to establishing key nursing principles such as, autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice, veracity, confidentiality, officeeousness and fidelity. These key principles help suck ins deal with honest or legal dilemmas. Ethics help by identifying standards, construct a framework for ethical dilemmas and maintain human rights, and ethical values. Ethics help to make nurse practice safe, but also promote a positive outcome for the patient. This essay explores and identifys legal and ethical issues, from a case study, that nurses are faced with every day.The Code of Ethics for Nurses in Australia was first genuine in 1993 under the auspices of the Australian Nursing Council Inc. , Royal College of Nursing, Australia and the Australian Nursing Federation. In 2000 these upside organisations agreed to undertake a joint project to revie w the Code of Ethics.The Code of Ethics is support by the Code of Professional Conduct for Nurses in Australia. While the Code of Ethics focuses on the ethics and ideals of the profession, the Code of Professional Conduct identifies the minimum requirements for practice in the profession, and focuses on the clarification of professional bungle and unprofessional conduct. The two Codes, together with published practice standards, provide a framework for nursing.Individuals have the right to make decisions related to their own health care, based on accurate and complete information prone by health care providers. Nurses must be satisfied that they have the persons accord for any care or treatment they are providing. If individuals are not able to provide bear for themselves, nurses have a role in ensuring that valid consent is obtained from the appropriate substitute decision- maker.Nurses have a responsibility to inform people about the nursing care that is available to them, and people are authorize morally to accept or reject such care. Nurses have a responsibility to respect the decisions make by each individual.his principle states that an ethical theory should allow people to reign over themselves and to be able to make decisions that apply to their lives. This means that people should have control over their lives as some(prenominal) as possible because they are the only people who completely understand their chosen type of lifestyle. separately man deserves respect because only he has had those exact life experiences and understands his emotions, motivations and body in such an interior manner. In essence, this ethical principle is an extension of the ethical principle of beneficence because a person who is unconditional usually prefers tohave control over his life experiences in order to obtain the lifestyle that he enjoysThe principle of beneficence guides the ethical theory to do what is good. This priority to do good makes an ethical place and possible solution to an ethical dilemma acceptable. This principle is also related to the principle of utility, which states that we should attempt capture the largest ratio of good over evil possible in the world (2). This principle stipulates that ethical theories should extend to achieve the greatest amount of good because people benefit from the most good. This principle is mainly associated with the utilitarian ethical theory found in the following section of this paper. An example of doing good is found in the practice of medicine in which the health of an individual is bettered by treatment from a physician (1,2).

Benefits of Coffee Essay

How much hot chocolate tree take over you consumed already this break of day? One cup? Or maybe even two? Like to the highest degree college students I enjoy my cup of Joe in the morning Coffee is one of the greatest sources of antioxidants in the worldwide diet. Consuming large amounts is not advised, but having reasonable amounts everyday can be very practiced to your body. Today, I would like to inform you about some of the benefits of intoxicationing coffee bean. 1. Lower Chances of Death.a. Lets scene it we are all going to dieb. Appears to lengthen time for people with heart disease and diabetes c. Kristen Kirkpatrick tell that a study in 2012 showed that three or more cups of coffee a day lowers the luck of death regardless of whether participants drank caffeinated or decaffeinated coffee. 2. Makes your reproductive system happyd. Men would you like a drink that could lower your chances for prostate cancer? And ladies wouldnt you like to lower your risk for endome trial cancer? e. Kirkpatrick to a fault says that a 2011studyfound that men consuming at least six or more cups a day reduced their risk of prostate cancer by 20 percent some otherstudypublished in theJournal Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Preventionfound that women who drank more than four cups of coffee a day had a 25 percent lower risk of endometrial cancer. 3. Lower risks of instance 2 diabetes.f. A 2012studyfound that a compound in coffee can in truth help block a substance in the body called human islet amyloid polypeptide that may play a role in the development of diabetes. Furtherstudieshavedemonstratedthat caffeinated coffee use of goods and services is linked to decreased diabetes risk as well. 4. Protects your brain.g. When you wake up to the smell of coffee in the morning do you usually smile? h. Coffee drinkers are less likely to develop dementia and Alzheimers later in life according to a study done in 2009 i. The smell of coffee can help reduce stress that cou ld be associated with loss of sleep 5. Good for skin.j. Drinking coffee may help you to ward off basal cell carcinoma So, the next time you are query whether you should have that second cup of coffee to perk you up, relax. At least now you know how it could help you